NACLO 2022 - Problem BWho Saw the Bear?

Compare the following two sentences:

Balık yüzdü. The fish swam.
Balık kaplan gibi yüzdü. The fish swam like a tiger.

Clearly "kaplan gibi" = "like a tiger". Furthermore, from:

Kaplan kaplumbağa için atladı. The tiger jumped for the turtle.

Which also contains "kaplan", and contains the word "tiger" but not "like", we know that "kaplan" = "tiger" and "gibi" = "like". Therefore in Turkish, the word order is as follows:

[subject] [indirect object] [preposition] [verb]

[subject]/[indirect object]: no case marking on the indirect object; takes the exact same form as the subject
- balık = fish
- zürafa = giraffe
- fil = elephant
- kaplan = tiger
- kaplumbağa = turtle
- ayı = bear
[preposition]
- için = for
- gibi = like
[verb]
- yüzdü = swam
- atladı = jumped
- koştu = ran

The translations are straightforward by plugging in the words:

Fil atladı. The elephant jumped.
The turtle ran for the fish. Kaplumbağa balık için koştu.

In B2, all sentences are variations of "A saw B", including wh-questions of the form "Who saw B?" and "Whom did A see?". We can easily identify the common parts for each structure.

A saw B. A B gördü.
- A is the same subject as before.
- B has an extra marker. Compare for example:
  - giraffe: "zürafayı" in direct object; "zürafa" otherwise
  - frog: "kurbağayı" in direct object; "kurbağa" otherwise
  Therefore, this extra marker is "-yı". (This question is nice enough that there's only this marker, with no vowel harmony.)
Who saw B? Kim B gördü?
- Again, B has the "-yı" marker.
Whom did A see? A kimi gördü?
- So "kim" is "who" in subject and "kimi" is "who" in direct object, which is consistent with the "-yı" marker for direct objects.

We also know a few more words: