This problem originally appeared to me as approachable, but it turned out to be quite intractable 😅
Excluding the starting "la", phrases here are mostly two or three words long. But the translation needs at least three elements: subject, verb, and object. The subject is always a pronoun, so the conclusion is that the subject has been subsumed into the verb. Let's first group the phrases by subject, since the verbs are all identical ("ate") anyway:
I
jtiʔ te stsalub mute the chicken comb
jweʔ kaxlan waj bread
jk’ux te mankoe the unripe mango
jtiʔ awich your (sg.) chili peppers
jloʔ te ʔone the avocados
You (sg.)
achik’ kaxlan waj ta kajpe bread soaked in coffee
atiʔ ʔich chili peppers
ak’ux kajan my corn
atiʔ te xchaʔ mute the chicken gizzard
ak’ux kalwanextik our radishes
aweʔ te waje the tortillas
aloʔ achab your (sg.) honey
She
sk’ux chenek’ beans
sloʔ manko a ripe mango
sk’ux yaskal her panela chunks
sk’ux bok raw greens
sloʔ yonik their avocados
stiʔ sejkub wakax cow liver
sk’ux sp’olik their popcorn
We
jweʔtik jwajtik our tortillas
jchik’tik yaʔlel tiʔbal meat soup
jk’uxtik awajanik your (pl.) corn
They
sloʔik chab honey
sloʔik jloʔbaltik our bananas
sweʔik te pats’e the tamales
stiʔik te yoʔtan mute the chicken heart
The second word obviously has common prefixes and suffixes depending on the subject. Let's do that:
I j-
You (sg.) a-
She s-
We j- + -tik
They s- + -ik
tiʔ
jtiʔ te stsalub mute the chicken comb jtiʔ awich your (sg.) chili peppers
atiʔ ʔich chili peppers atiʔ te xchaʔ mute the chicken gizzard
stiʔ sejkub wakax cow liver
stiʔik te yoʔtan mute the chicken heart
weʔ
jweʔ kaxlan waj bread
aweʔ te waje the tortillas
jweʔtik jwajtik our tortillas
sweʔik te pats’e the tamales
k’ux
jk’ux te mankoe the unripe mango
ak’ux kajan my corn ak’ux kalwanextik our radishes
sk’ux chenek’ beans sk’ux yaskal her panela chunks sk’ux bok raw greens sk’ux sp’olik their popcorn
jk’uxtik awajanik your (pl.) corn
loʔ
jloʔ te ʔone the avocados
aloʔ achab your (sg.) honey
sloʔ manko a ripe mango sloʔ yonik their avocados
sloʔik chab honey sloʔik jloʔbaltik our bananas
chik’
achik’ kaxlan waj ta kajpe bread soaked in coffee
jchik’tik yaʔlel tiʔbal meat soup
Since agreement with the subject happens on the second word, this is likely the verb "ate". What follows is therefore the object. Furthermore, we have different forms of "ate" that pair with different kinds of foods; we need to figure out what the classes of foods are.
There's really not a single way to do this, but this may make the most sense:
tiʔ: meat and chili peppers - chili peppers are the exception in a class that's otherwise all meat.
weʔ: grain products
k’ux: granular things and crunchy things (note that "vegetables and fruits" doesn't work because we also have "ripe mango" and "bananas" in the "loʔ" class, so we need something that can tell "unripe mango" and "ripe mango" apart)
loʔ: mushy things
chik’: liquids and soaked things
Therefore, concerning the extra foods provided:
k’in = kidney: tiʔ
kaxlan chenek’ = peanuts: k’ux
tsukum = stomach: tiʔ
chin bak = marrow: loʔ (H4 explicitly says it's not tiʔ; it's also mushy)
k’oxox = toasted tortillas: k’ux (H5 explicitly says it's not weʔ; it's also crunchy)
So the answers for H4 and H5 are jloʔ and sk’ux respectively.
Going back to the phrases. We still have the noun phrase structure left to figure out. First are the possessives:
achab your (sg.) honey
awajanik your (pl.) corn
awich your (sg.) chili peppers
jloʔbaltik our bananas
jwajtik our tortillas
kajan my corn
kalwanextik our radishes
sp’olik their popcorn
yaskal her panela chunks
yonik their avocados
...notice the thing? They reuse the same prefix/suffix as the verb! a- = your (sg.), j- + -tik = our, s- + -ik = their, a- + -ik = your (pl.). However we have a few exceptions:
kajan my corn and kalwanextik our radishes start with k- instead of j-
yaskal her panela chunks and yonik their avocados start with y- instead of s-
These are probably sound changes. We can take a look at the non-possessive noun phrases:
singular
chab honey
kaxlan waj bread
kaxlan waj ta kajpe bread soaked in coffee
manko a ripe mango
sejkub wakax cow liver
yaʔlel tiʔbal meat soup
te mankoe the unripe mango
te stsalub mute the chicken comb
te xchaʔ mute the chicken gizzard
te yoʔtan mute the chicken heart
plural
bok raw greens
chenek’ beans
ʔich chili peppers
te pats’e the tamales
te waje the tortillas
te ʔone the avocados
Observations:
"jwajtik" = "our tortillas", so "waj" = "tortillas". Combine with "te waje" = "the tortillas", we know that the definite construction is "te X-e".
"ʔich" = "chili peppers". Combine with "awich" = "your (sg.) chili peppers", we know that "aʔ" becomes "aw".
"te ʔone" = "the avocados", so "ʔon" = "avocados". Combine with "yonik" = "their avocados", we know that "sʔ" becomes "y".
"awajanik" = "your (pl.) corn", so "ʔajan" = "core". Combine with "kajan" = "my corn", we know that "jʔ" becomes "k".
All "chicken something" end with "mut", so "mut" = "chicken". Similarly "wakax" would mean "cow". Similarly in "yaʔlel tiʔbal" = "meat soup", "tiʔbal" = "meat" (the language is head-initial).
Now translation:
la j-tiʔ s-k’in wakax = 1sg-ate(meat) 3sg-kidney cow = I ate her cow kidney.
We ate the peanuts. = 1pl-ate(granular) the-peanuts = la j-k’ux-tik te kaxlan chenek’-e
You (pl.) ate cow stomach. = 2pl-ate(meat) stomach cow = la a-k’ux-ik tsukum wakax
They ate meat. = 3pl-ate(meat) meat = la s-tiʔ-ik tiʔbal
You (sg.) ate your (pl.) avocados. = 2sg-ate(mushy) 2pl-avocados = la a-loʔ a-ʔon-ik = la aloʔ awonik
I ate my honey. = 1sg-ate(mushy) 1sg-honey = la j-loʔ j-chab (solution has a typo)
She ate cooked greens. = 3sg-ate(mushy) greens = la s-loʔ bok (this is like "ripe mango" vs. "unripe mango" - the noun is always just "mango", but the verb changes to indicate whether it's mushy or crunchy)
She ate bean soup. = 3sg-ate(liquid) soup beans = la s-chik’ yaʔlel chenek’
H6 is mostly unrelated. We want to know what the "kaxlan" word does. Compare:
kaxlan waj bread vs. waj tortillas
? vs. ixim corn
Not 100% rigorous, but just based on semantic relations, this should be "wheat". (ixim makes waj; kaxlan ixim makes kaxlan waj).